泰酷辣!2023年全国高考各类型汇总贴即将更新!先收藏不迷路⬇⬇⬇
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词性转换在高考英语中极其重要,特别是在语篇填空题,几乎每年都有1-3个空都是要对括号给出的单词进行词性的转换。
小车整理了历年高考真题中的词类转换词,赶快收藏吧!
句子成分与词性的关系
解题技巧
①若提示词在主语或宾语的位置,且前面有冠词、形容词、物主代词等,一般填名词形式。
②若提示词作表语,或修饰后面的名词,一般填形容词形式。
③若提示词对整个句子或对其前、后的动词、形容词起修饰作用,一般填副词形式。
④要牢记常见的后缀形式,确保正确转换词性。
活用构词法,秒杀词性转换
牢记几种常考的构词法
1.形容词变副词的后缀
2.形容词变名词的后缀
3.动词变名词的后缀
常见的动词变名词的后缀有-al,-ance,-ence,-ion,-tion,-ation,-(ss)ion,-ing,-ment,-ure,-ture,-y等。
4.动词、名词变形容词的后缀
常见的动词、名词变形容词的后缀有-able,-al,-ful,-ed,-ing,-ible,-ive,-ous,-some,-y,-ern,-ish等。
5.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
常见的表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀有dis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,mis-,un-,-less等。
6.变动词的前缀和后缀
形容词→副词
形容词变副词的一般情况
1. (2019·全国ⅱ卷)final最终的→finally终于
2. (2018·全国ⅱ卷、2014·全国ⅰ卷)actual真实的→actually 实际上
3. (2016·全国ⅰ卷)official正式的→officially正式地
4. (2016·全国ⅲ卷)gradual逐渐的→gradually 逐渐地
tips:
关于形容词词尾l,同学们怕是有很多误会,要知道变副词时:
"ll"结尾加-y,如full→fully,dull→dully
;"le"结尾e改y, 高中阶段只有whole→wholly是例外。
记住以上两点,千万别看到l就加y!
5.(2020全国ⅲ卷)gentle温和的→gently 温和地
6. (2019·全国ⅲ卷)huge巨大的→hugely极度;非常,深深地
tips:
形变副规律中"元音字母 e"去e加-ly,
关于这点只要记住高中阶段的true→truly,注意“辅音字母 e”变副词,不可去掉e!
7. (2021年1月浙江卷)sharp锋利的 →sharply明显地
8.(2020年1月浙江卷)particular特别的→particularly尤其
9. (2020全国ⅰ卷)extreme极度的→extremely非常地
10. (2019·全国ⅰ卷)poor贫穷的,贫乏的→poorly不足
11. (2017·全国ⅱ卷)fair相当大的→fairly相当地
12. (2017·全国ⅲ卷)certain确定→certainly无疑,确定
13. (2016·全国ⅱ卷、2015·全国ⅰ卷)regular有规律的→regularly有规律地
14. (2015·全国ⅱ卷)slow慢的→slowly 缓慢地
15. (2014·全国ⅱ卷)sudden突然的→suddenly 突然
16. (2021八省联考)specific——specifically
tips:除了上述规则外,还要记住它:
1.以y结尾的形容词:"辅音字母 y"改i加-ly,
如:merry→merrily;
如果y的读音同“爱”,直接加-ly,如:shy→shyly。
2."ic"结尾加-ally,但public→publicly是例外。
名词/动词→形容词
词尾加-ful 表示"满……的,有……性质(或倾向)的":
1. (2020全国ⅱ卷) beauty美丽→beautiful美丽的
2. (2019·全国ⅱ卷)wonder奇迹→wonderful极好的,绝妙的
3. (2017·全国ⅰ卷)care 小心,谨慎→careful小心,谨慎
4. (2017·全国ⅱ卷)success 成功→successful成功的
tips:掐指一算,以下词汇可能会考:
meaning意思→meaningful重要的;
pain疼痛→painful 令人疼痛的;
peace和平→peaceful和平的;
power力量→powerful强有力的
词尾加-al表示"与……有关的":
1.(2019·全国ⅲ卷)tradition传统→traditional传统的
2. (2018·全国ⅱ卷)globe全球→global全球的
3. (2015·全国ⅱ卷)nature自然→natural 自然的
tips:掐指一算,
origin起源→original起初的;
person个人→personal个人的;
music音乐→musical关于音乐的,比较容易考到。
其他情况:
1.(2018·全国ⅰ卷)energy精力;能量→energetic精力充沛的
2. (2014·全国ⅰ卷)patience耐心→patient有耐心的
3. (2014·全国ⅰ卷)amaze使惊奇→amazing令人大为惊奇的
4. (2014·全国ⅱ卷)disappoint使失望→disappointed失望的
tips:除了上述情况外,常考还有:(按照考查可能性排序哟!)
1) 词尾ce/cy变为t/te表示“与 ……有关的”:
confidence自信→confident自信的
intelligence智力→intelligent聪明的
dependence依靠→dependent依赖的
accuracy精确度→accurate精确的
fluency流畅→fluent
2) 加-y表示"充满……的,有……特性的,有……倾向的":
sun太阳→sunny阳光充足的
fog雾→foggy有雾的(重读闭音节双写)
taste味道→tasty美味的(去掉不发音的e)
smell闻→smelly有难闻气味的
health健康→healthy健康的
wealth财富→wealthy富有的
luck运气→lucky幸运的
ice冰→icy冰冻的
juice果汁→juicy多汁的
3) 加-able表示"可……的,能……的,具有……性质的":
reason理由→reasonable合理的
afford买得起→affordable多数人支付得起的
comfort舒适,安慰→comfortable舒服的
4) 加-ive表示"有……性质的,有……倾向的":
effect效果→effective有效的,生效的
impress给……留下深刻印象→impressive给人印象深刻的
5) 加-ous表示"有……性质的,充满……的":
humor幽默→humorous幽默的
danger危险→dangerous危险的
courage勇气→courageous有勇气的
anxiety焦虑→anxious焦虑的
curiosity好奇心→curious好奇的
6) 加-ly表示"具有……性质或特点的;每隔……时间的":
friend朋友→friendly友好的
love爱→lovely可爱的
year年→yearly每年的
7) 加-ic表示"与……有关的,……的,动作(或行为)……的":
history历史→historic历史上著名(或重要)的(变y为i再加c)
hero英雄→heroic英雄的
8) 加-(e)d表示"有……的,有……特征的":
learn学→learned有学问的
age年龄→aged年迈的
gift天赋→gifted有天赋的
talent天赋→talented有天赋的
9) 加-ible表示"可……的,具有……性质的":
access通路,使用权→accessible可进入的,可到达的,可使用的
10) 加-en表示"由……制成(或构成)的,像……一样的":
wood木头→wooden木制的
wool羊毛→woollen羊毛的
gold金子→golden金色的(gold watch金表;golden watch金色的表)
11) 加-ing表示"……的":
shine 发光,反光→shining有光泽的
care关心→caring关心他人的
动词/形容词→名词
-ion/-tion/-ation/-sion表示状态或行为:
1.(2019·全国ⅲ卷)compete竞争→competition比赛
2. (2018·全国ⅱ卷)pollute污染→pollution污染,污染物
3. (2017·全国ⅱ卷)introduce 采用→introduction采用,引进
4. (2017·全国ⅲ卷)educate 教育→education教育
5. (2016·全国ⅰ卷)attract 吸引→attraction 有吸引力的事物
tips:
invite邀请→invitation邀请,请柬
invent发明→invention发明
discuss讨论→discussion讨论
decide决定→decision决定
graduate毕业→graduation毕业
admit承认,准许……加入→admission承认,准许加入
expect期待→expectation期待,期望
express表达→expression表达,表示
explain解释→explanation解释
pronounce发音→pronunciation发音
describe描述→ description 描写
connect连接→connection关联,联系
-ment表示行为、结果等:
1.(2016·全国ⅱ卷)achieve 成功→achievement成就
2. (2016·全国ⅲ卷)develop发展→development发展
tips:-ment结尾的词在3500词中并不多,以下词语需识记:
argue争论,论证→argument争论,论据
advertise广告→advertisement广告
【注意加ment结尾要去e的情况,高中阶段只有argument】
equip装备→equipment装备,配备
employ雇用→employment就业
move移动→movement转动,运动,活动
require需要→requirement所需的东西
settle解决,定居→settlement定居点
treat款待,治疗→treatment治疗,对待
其他变形:
1. (2019·全国ⅰ卷)believe相信→belief信念
2. (2015·全国ⅱ卷)able有能力的→ability能力
tips:
believe变名词形式属于特殊变形,无规律可循的特殊变形还有:
vary相异→variety多种式样
weigh有……重→weight重量
choose选择→choice
选择除了上述已考查过的类型外,名词还有以下构词方式,按考查频次排序如下:
1) 词尾加-ance/-ence表示性质、状况、行为或程度:
appear出现,显现→appearance出现,外貌
perform表演→performance表演
prefer较喜欢→preference偏爱
guide指引→guidance引导,指导
2) 词尾ent变为ence,ant变为ance:
different不同的→difference不同(之处)
silent沉默的,不说话的→silence沉默,寂静
patient有耐心的→patience耐心
absent缺席的→absence缺席
present出席的→presence出席
confident自信的→confidence信心
convenient方便的→convenience便利
important重要的→importance重要(性)
3) -y/-cy/-ity表示性质或状态,动作或结果:
(2020全国三卷)curious好奇的——curiosity好奇心
(2020新高考一卷)accurate精确的——accuracy精确性
difficult困难的→difficulty困难
safe安全的→safety安全
responsible负责的→responsibility责任
disabled丧失能力的→disability 缺陷,障碍
recover恢复→recovery恢复,痊愈
discover发现→discovery发现
fluent流利的→fluency流利,流畅
accurate准确的→accuracy准确(性)
4) -th表示结果、过程、性质、状态:
warm温暖的→warmth温暖
deep深的→depth深(度)
strong强壮的→strength力量
long长的→length长度
wide宽的→ width宽度
5) -ure/-ture表示行为、状态或结果等:
fail失败→failure失败
press压,挤→ pressure 压力
mix混合→mixture混合,混合物
6) -al表示行为或状态:
arrive到达→arrival到达
propose提议,建议→proposal提议,建议
7) -age表示状态:
short短的→shortage不足,短缺
8) -dom表示地位、状态等:
free自由的→freedom自由
bored厌倦的→boredom厌烦
wise明智的→wisdom智慧
9) -ness表示性质、状态:
weak虚弱的→weakness虚弱
kind友好的→kindness善良
cold寒冷的→coldness寒冷,冷漠
aware知道,意识到→awareness知道,意识
名词→动词
名词转换为名词
(2018全国ⅲ卷)(science科学→scientist科学家)
tips:
名词变名词的后缀,虽没考过,但大家也可以了解一下
1.加后缀-er,-ist,(i)an表示一类"人",如:villager,banker,observer;scientist,artist;historian,musician。
2. 加后缀-ship,-ism,-hood,-dom表示不同含义,如:
membership,criticism,childhood,kingdom。
1. (2021八省联考)don’t go to a school ____(specific) for a high school relationship or to make someone else happy.
2. (2021年1月浙江卷)but 30 years later, the bmi difference between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed ___ (sharp) .
3. (2020全国i卷)landing on the moon’s far side is 62 (extreme) challenging.
4. (2020全国ii卷)_____ (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
5. (2020全国iii卷) as the small boat moved ____ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
6. (2020年1月浙江卷)this is ____ (particular) true in the us.
7. (2020全国iii卷) filled with ____(curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
8. (2020新高考i卷) historical ____ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
9. (2020全国ii卷) chinese new year is a ____ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
10. (2021八省联考) while many of yourtrusted relatives and peers (同龄人) may have very_____ (value) advice that can help you to make the decision, finally the choice is yours and yours alone.
11. (2021八省联考) only you can fully realize which aspects of a college will make you truly happy and _____ (satisfy), so keep that at the front of your mind.
12. (2020全国ii卷)the ____ (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.
13. (2020新高考i卷) in the 18th and 19th centuries, ____ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.
14.(2017卷iii) it is __________(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
15.(2016卷i)i will be their uk ambassador. the title will be _________(official)given to me at a ceremony in london.
16. (2015卷i) …it________(regular)arranges quick getaways…
17. (2014卷i) the river was so polluted that it______(actual) caught fire and burned.
18. (2016卷iii) …if we take short breaks___________(regular).
19. (2016卷iii) food in small pieces could be eaten easily from the sun twigs which__________(gradual) turned into chopsticks.
20. (2015卷ii) walls make of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat_______(slow) during cool nights, thus warning the house.
21. (2014卷ii )…the crowd of strangers___(sudden) became friendly to one another.
22. (2017卷i) however, be_____(care)not to go to extremes.
23. (2017卷ii) the central london railway was one of the most__________(success)of these new lines,…
24. (2014卷i) just be________(patience).
25. (2015卷ii) as____(nature)architects, the pueblo indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
26. (2016卷i) but for tourists like me, pandas are its top_______(attract).
27. (2015卷ii) in addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their______(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.
28. (2017卷 ii) this development was only possible with the______(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
29. (2017卷iii) …she is determined to carry on with her________(educate).
30. (2016卷ii) then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of __________(achieve).
31. (2016卷iii) confucius influenced the ___(develop)of the chopsticks.
参考答案:
1. specifically
2. sharply
3. extremely
4. certainly
5. gently
6. particularly
7. curiosity
8. accuracy
9. celebration
10. valuable
11. satisfied
12. beautiful
13. wealthy
14. certainly
15. officially
16. regularly
17. actually
18. regularly
19. gradually
20. slowly
21. suddenly
22. careful
23. successful
24. patient
25. natural
26.attraction
27. ability
28. introduction
29. education
30. achievement
31. development